Abstract: The drought and the scarcity of the lands that are suitable for agriculture and the lack of rain rates, and its variation and weakness, according to the years, led to a strong and increasing displacement from the countryside to the Mauritanian cities, thus rapidly developed social life and the economic and living conditions of the population were developed, and the most population of the profession of agriculture and development was surrounded by professions More due to their point of view -such as trade and employment in the public or private sector .., and based on drought and the negative effects of the field, social and economic .. For the population, this study deals with research and analysis the most important causes and problems of drought and climate changes in Mauritania and its role in transformations The field, economic and social in the Mauritanian countryside, and the study aims to highlight the most important effects of drought on the environmental and human mediums in Mauritania, and to achieve these goals the study followed a set of curricula such as descriptive, analytical and comparison … The study relies on information taken from the field first and then official and unofficial reports that It is issued by the authority responsible for the environment and sustainable development in Mauritania. The study is expected to have valuable results and useful recommendations.

Keywords: Desertification and drought, economic transformations, social transformations, field transformations, sustainable development, rural development.