The Zengid and Ayyubid Military Elite in the Levant Dr. Saja Mishal Rasheed University of Mosul – College of Arts – Department of History Abstract The Crusader invasion and occupation in the Levant created a new reality represented by the emergence of strange and hostile political entities whose primary goal was to wage wars against…
Archives in the Neo-Babylonian period (626-539 BC) Creators Dr. Muhannad Khalaf Jumeen Al-Shammari Description Abstract: Archives appeared from early times in the history of ancient Iraq, starting with the era of Uruk, and continued throughout the times of Mesopotamia. The goal of studying them is to learn about the administrative and economic system in ancient Iraq,…
Groundwater Resource Balance Control Mechanisms in Desert Zones Dr. Muhammad Al-Qutbi (pp. 47–69) University Ahmed Draia-Adrar, Algeria Abstract Groundwater resources are among the most critical natural assets for sustaining life in desert areas, making it essential for water policymakers in these regions to understand how to manage and balance their use to support sustainable development….
Economic transformations in Jerusalem throughout history Creators Dr. Imad Abdulaziz Youssef Dr.Omar Amjad Saleh Description Abstract: Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad, who was sent as a mercy to the worlds and guided to the straight path. Jerusalem is the heart of Palestine, and the…
The Position of the African Sahara in the Basket of the New European Energy Strategy Dr. Sadiqi Naima (pp. 124–135) Political Science and International Relations, University of Biskra, Algeria Abstract The African Sahara has occupied a very important place in the priorities of the European Union. As a regional power, the EU seeks to benefit…
Adolescents in the Desert Environment – An Anthropological Study in the Adrar Region in Southern Algeria Dr. Saadia Qandousi “Member of the Laboratory of Social Empowerment and Sustainable Development in the Desert Environment.” Abstract Theoretical frameworks emphasize that the manifestations accompanying adolescence are universal. Adolescents experience crises throughout this stage, including challenges in their relationships…
The Algerian Sahara in the Works of the French Orientalist Henri Duveyrier Dr. Ahmed Bennani (pp. 21–31) University: Tamanghasset University Center – Algeria Abstract The researcher aims in this paper to examine the role of a European explorer in studying the Algerian Sahara and to identify the specific characteristics of Algerian society. Henri Duverger travelled…
Economic Crises and Their Negative Effects on Social Life in the Levant from the Sixth Century to the End of the Eighth Migration / Eleventh Century Until the End of the Fourteenth AD Assistant Qays Fathi Ahmad (pp. 70–83) Abstract The Levant experienced numerous economic crises that profoundly impacted all aspects of social life. Historical…
The first Timuri occupation of Iraq and its collapse 795-797 AH/1393-1395 AD Creators Assistant Raghad Eabdalkarim ‘Ahmad Alnajaar Description Abstract: After the collapse of the Ilkhanian state of the Mongols in the year 736 AH/ 1335 CE, Iraq was subjected to the four -year -old, with the competing force with him to share the property of…
The Jewish Difference in the Islamic East / (132 Hehe – 749 AD / 334 H – 945 AD) Assistant Professor Dr. Saedi Muhamad Eali Kasbaan, (pp. 32–46) Abstract Throughout the Middle Ages, Jewish communities emerged in the Islamic East, where various religious movements, differences, and Christian allegations appeared among them….