Travel Literature and Desert Image in the Eyes of Travelers- Dr. Saliha Hamidou | Pages: 80-93 |

Abstract: The field of education in the Ottoman era is one of the most contentious historical fields, as it is directly related to the development of Arab society in that period. The Ottoman Empire was accused of neglecting the educational aspect and of failing to make sufficient efforts to establish educational institutions in the Arab states, thus bearing responsibility for the widespread ignorance that prevailed during that time. However, at the beginning of the reform era, the Ottoman Empire made significant efforts to develop education, showing great attention to the educational process and launching an extensive educational movement throughout its territories and subordinate regions in order to keep pace with the modern educational trends spreading in Europe. Since the topic of education raises many questions—particularly for those who seek to examine the true nature of progress or underdevelopment in the Ottoman Empire—this study sheds light on the state of education in the Province of Beirut. It focuses on the role of missionary schools, which were one of the key reasons that prompted the Ottoman authorities to strengthen Islamic and state-run schools to protect Muslim youth from proselytizing influences, especially in the Levant, which had a large Muslim and Christian population. The research also discusses Islamic, Christian, and Jewish education, as well as Ottoman governmental education. Altogether, this allows for a more nuanced and balanced understanding of the Ottoman Empire—one that highlights its tolerance toward Jews and Christians, and showcases the sophistication of its state education system, thereby challenging the notion that the Empire was a backward state that promoted ignorance.