The Role of Bedouin Tribes in the Jordanian Desert in Establishing the Emirate of Transjordan- Dr. Mohammed Emad Rediff | Pages: 122-147 |

Abstract: The field of education in the Ottoman era is one of the most contentious historical fields, as it is directly related to the development of Arab society during that period. The Ottoman Empire was accused of neglecting education and failing to deploy sufficient educational institutions in the Arab states, contributing to widespread ignorance. At the beginning of the reforms, the Ottoman Empire worked to develop the educational process, paying great attention to education and undertaking a large educational movement in its states and subordinate countries to keep pace with the educational modernization spreading in Europe. This study highlights the reality of education in Beirut, focusing on the role of missionary schools, which prompted the Ottoman Empire to open Islamic and Ottoman schools to preserve Muslim youth from proselytizing activities. The research also discusses Islamic, Christian, and Jewish education, as well as Ottoman government education, portraying the Ottoman Empire as tolerant toward Jews and Christians and demonstrating the quality of government education, challenging the notion of a backward state spreading ignorance.